(1) For the purposes of this Part -
(a) 2 persons are associated at any time if at that time -
(i) one of the persons is participating in the management, control or capital of the other, or
(ii) the same person is participating in the management, control or capital of each of the 2 persons,
and
(b) a person (in this paragraph referred to as the 'first person') is participating in the management, control or capital of another person at any time only if that other person is at that time -
(i) a company, and
(ii) controlled by the first person.
(a) For the purposes of this section a company shall be treated as controlled by an individual if it is controlled by the individual and persons connected with the individual.
(b) For the purposes of this subsection a person is connected with an individual if that person is a relative (within the meaning of section 433(3)(a)) of that individual.