For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions apply:

(1) "infringement of competition law" means an infringement of Article 101 or 102 TFEU, or of national competition law;

(2) "infringer" means an undertaking or association of undertakings which has committed an infringement of competition law;

(3) "national competition law" means provisions of national law that predominantly pursue the same objective as Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and that are applied to the same case and in parallel to Union competition law pursuant to Article 3(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1/2003, excluding provisions of national law which impose criminal penalties on natural persons, except to the extent that such criminal penalties are the means whereby competition rules applying to undertakings are enforced;