1. For the purposes of Article 1(1)(a), (b) and (d), the voting rights and the rights of appointment and removal of any other subsidiary undertaking as well as those of any person acting in his own name but on behalf of the parent undertaking or of another subsidiary undertaking must be added to those of the parent undertaking.
2. For the purposes of Article 1(1)(a), (b) and (d), the rights mentioned in paragraph 1 above must be reduced by the rights:
(a) attaching to shares held on behalf of a person who is neither the parent undertaking nor a subsidiary thereof; or
(b) attaching to shares held by way of security, provided that the rights in question are exercised in accordance with the instructions received, or held in connection with the granting of loans as part of normal business activities, provided that the voting rights are exercised in the interests of the person providing the security.
3. For the purposes of Article 1(1)(a) and (c), the total of the shareholders' or memb