For the purposes of this Directive:

(a) "SE" means any company established in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 2157/2001;

(b) "participating companies" means the companies directly participating in the establishing of an SE;

(c) "subsidiary" of a company means an undertaking over which that company exercises a dominant influence defined in accordance with Article 3(2) to (7) of Directive 94/45/EC;

(d) "concerned subsidiary or establishment" means a subsidiary or establishment of a participating company which is proposed to become a subsidiary or establishment of the SE upon its formation;

(e) "employees' representatives" means the employees' representatives provided for by national law and/or practice;