1. An economic activity shall qualify as contributing substantially to the transition to a circular economy, including waste prevention, re-use and recycling, where that activity:
(a) uses natural resources, including sustainably sourced bio-based and other raw materials, in production more efficiently, including by:
(i) reducing the use of primary raw materials or increasing the use of by-products and secondary raw materials; or
(ii) resource and energy efficiency measures;
(b) increases the durability, reparability, upgradability or reusability of products, in particular in designing and manufacturing activities;
(c) increases the recyclability of products, including the recyclability of individual materials contained in those products, inter alia, by substitution or reduced use of products and materials that are not recyclable, in particular in designing and manufacturing activities;
(d) substantially reduces the content of hazardous substances and substitutes substances of very hig
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