(1) For the purpose of this regulation -

(a) a dematerialised instruction is a forged dematerialised instruction if -

(i) it was not sent from the computers of a system-participant or the computers comprising an Operator-system; or

(ii) it was not sent from the computers of the system-participant or the computers comprising an Operator-system (as the case may be) from which it is expressed to have been sent;

(b) an act is a causative act if, not being a dematerialised instruction and not being an act which causes a dematerialised instruction to be sent from the computer of a system-participant, it unlawfully causes the Operator -

(i) to make, delete or amend an entry on an Operator register of securities; or

(ii) to send an Operator-instruction to a participating issuer;