1. National regulatory authorities shall ensure that the prohibitions laid down in Articles 3 and 5 and the obligations laid down in Articles 4, 7c, 8, 9 and 15 are complied with and enforced.

National regulatory authorities shall be competent to investigate all the acts carried out on their national wholesale energy markets and enforce this Regulation, irrespective of where the market participant carrying out those acts is registered or under an obligation to register pursuant to Article 9(1).

Each Member State shall ensure that its national regulatory authority has the investigatory and enforcement powers necessary for the exercise of the functions referred to in the first and second subparagraphs. Those powers shall be exercised in a proportionate manner.

Those powers may be exercised:

(a) directly;

(b) in collaboration with other authorities;

(c) by application to the competent national judicial authorities; or