1. The Agency shall aim to ensure that national regulatory authorities carry out their tasks under this Regulation in a coordinated and consistent way.

The Agency shall, as appropriate, publish non-binding guidance on:

(a) the application of the definitions set out in Article 2, including with regard to the establishment of a non-exhaustive list of relevant intermediate steps in a protracted process in those cases where, by itself, the information meets the criteria laid down in Article 2, point (1); and

(b) non-exhaustive indicators and examples of market behaviour relating to market manipulation, as well as insider trading as referred to in Article 3.

National regulatory authorities shall cooperate with the Agency and with each other, including at regional level, for the purpose of carrying out their duties in accordance with this Regulation.

National regulatory authorities, competent financial authorities of the Member States, national competition authorities and national tax authorities shall establish appropriate forms of cooperation in order to ensure timely, effective and efficient investigation and enforcement and to contribute to a coherent and consistent approach to investigation, to judicial proceedings and to the enforcement of this Regulation and of the relevant financial and competition law.