1. The GB Authority and the NI Authority must cooperate with each other, and may, if they consider it expedient to do so, cooperate with the Agency and national regulatory authorities of member States, for the purpose of carrying out their duties in accordance with this Regulation.

The national regulatory authority, the FCA and the CMA may establish appropriate forms of cooperation in order to ensure effective and efficient investigation and enforcement and to contribute to a coherent and consistent approach to investigation, judicial proceedings and to the enforcement of this Regulation and relevant financial and competition law.

2. Where the national regulatory authority suspects that acts which affect wholesale energy markets or the price of wholesale energy products in the United Kingdom are being carried out in a member State, it may request the Agency to take action in accordance with paragraph 4 of this Article (as it applies in EU law) and, if the acts affect relevant financial instruments, in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article (as it applies in EU law).

3. In order to ensure a coordinated and consistent approach to market abuse on wholesale energy markets: