It shall be prohibited for credit and financial institutions:

(a) to open an account with a credit or financial institution referred to in Article 21(2);

(b) to establish a correspondent banking relationship with a credit or financial institution referred to in Article 21(2);

(c) to open representative offices in the DPRK, or to establish a new branch or subsidiary, in the DPRK; and

(d) to establish a joint venture with or to take an ownership interest in a credit or financial institution referred to in Article 21(2).