(1) In this section and in Schedule 2:
"employee" means - (a) an employee of a participating institution, (b) an officer of NAMA, or (c) an employee of a NAMA group entity;
"employer" means - (a) a participating institution, (b) in relation to an officer of NAMA, both NAMA and the NTMA, or (c) a NAMA group entity;
"penalisation" includes any act or omission by an employer or a person acting on behalf of an employer that affects an employee to his or her detriment with respect to any term or condition of his or her employment, and in particular includes - (a) suspension, lay-off or dismissal (including a dismissal within the meaning of the Unfair Dismissals Acts 1977 to 2005), or the threat of suspension, lay-off or dismissal, (b) demotion or loss of opportunity for promotion, (c) transfer of duties, change of location of place of work, reduction in wages or change in working hours, (d) the imposition or administering of any discipline, reprimand or other p
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