1. Member States shall lay down the rules on penalties applicable to the failure or refusal to comply with:

(a) an injunctive measure referred to in Article 8(1) or in point (b) of Article 8(2); or

(b) obligations referred to in Article 13(3) or Article 18.

Member States shall take all measures necessary to ensure that those rules are implemented. The penalties provided for shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.

2. Member States shall ensure that penalties can, inter alia, take the form of fines.