1. Member States shall apply the laws, regulations and administrative provisions transposing this Directive to representative actions that are brought on or after 25 June 2023.

2. Member States shall apply the laws, regulations and administrative provisions transposing Directive 2009/22/EC to representative actions that are brought before 25 June 2023.

3. Member States shall ensure that laws, regulations or administrative provisions on suspension or interruption of limitation periods transposing Article 16 only apply to claims for redress based on infringements as referred to in Article 2(1) that occurred on or after 25 June 2023. This shall not preclude the application of national provisions on suspension or interruption of limitation periods which applied prior to 25 June 2023 to claims for redress based on infringements as referred to in Article 2(1) that occurred before that date.