1. Competent authorities shall be given all supervisory powers to intervene in the activity of institutions, financial holding companies and mixed financial holding companies that are necessary for the exercise of their function, including in particular the right to withdraw an authorisation in accordance with Article 18, the powers referred to in Articles 18, 102, 104 and 105, and the powers to take the measures referred to in Article 21a(6).
2. Competent authorities shall exercise their supervisory powers and their powers to impose penalties in accordance with this Directive and with national law, in any of the following ways:
(a) directly;
(b) in collaboration with other authorities;
(c) under their responsibility by delegation to such authorities;
(d) by application to the competent judicial authorities.
3. The decisions taken by competent authorities in the exercise of their supervisory powers and powers to impose penalties shall state the reasons on which they are based.