1. Member States shall designate competent authorities to ensure and monitor effective compliance with this Directive. Those competent authorities shall take all appropriate measures to ensure such compliance.

They shall be either:

(a) competent authorities within the meaning of Article 4(2) of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010; or

(b) bodies recognised by national law or by public authorities expressly empowered for that purpose by national law.

They shall not be payment service providers, with the exception of national central banks.

2. The authorities referred to in paragraph 1 shall possess all powers and adequate resources necessary for the performance of their duties. Where more than one competent authority is empowered to ensure and monitor effective compliance with this Directive, Member States shall ensure that those authorities collaborate closely so that they can discharge their respective duties effectively.

3. The competent authorities shall exercise their powers in accordance with national law either:

(a) directly under their own authority or under the supervision of the judicial authorities; or

(b) by application to courts which are competent to grant the necessary decision, including, where appropriate, by appeal, if the application to grant the necessary decision is not successful.